Citation from DataCite
ORCID:0000-0001-9597-1923
Affiliation: Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BIBS); (GRID: 452299.1) and
Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) (GRID: 433014.1)
Acame Poveda, Carlos Miguel
Affiliation: Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) (GRID: 433014.1)
Schittko, Conrad
Affiliation: Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BIBS) (GRID: 452299.1) and
University of Potsdam (GRID:11348.3f)
Kowarik, Ingo
ORCID:0000-0002-8251-7163
Affiliation: Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BIBS); (GRID: 452299.1) and
Technical University of Berlin (GRID:6734.6)
Geßler, Arthur
ORCID:0000-0002-1910-9589
Affiliation: Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BIBS); (GRID: 452299.1) and
Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL) (GRID:419754.a) and
ETH Zurich (GRID: 5801.c)
Seitz, Birgit
Affiliation: Technical University of Berlin (GRID: 6734.6)
Masahiro, Ryo
ORCID:0000-0002-5271-3446
Affiliation: Freie Universität Berlin (FU); 14095.39; GRID
von der Lippe, Moritz
ORCID:0000-0003-4760-1420
Affiliation: Technical University of Berlin (GRID: 6734.6)
Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) (GRID: 433014.1)
University of Potsdam (GRID:11348.3f)
DataCurator: Hiller, Anne
ProjectMember: Bucholz, Sascha
Researcher: Bucholz, Sascha
DataCollector: Bucholz, Sascha
HostingInstitution: Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg (Germany), GRID: 433014.1
GEMET: biodiversity; biomass; field experiment; urban ecology; grassland; nitrogen cycle; water efficiency
ZALF: biodiversity; biomass; field experiment; urban ecology; ecological novelty; grassland; ecosystem functioning; plant invasions; nitrogen cycling; water use efficiency
We evaluated the relationship between biodiversity, abiotic and biotic novelty and ecosystem functioning based on in situ measurements in non-manipulated grasslands along an urbanization gradient in Berlin. We measured plant aboveground biomass (AGB), intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and 15N enrichment factor (δ15N) as proxies for biomass production, water and N cycling, respectively. The measurements were done for the whole plant community, for plants with different introduction status, plants belonging to different functional groups and two single species: Calamagrostis epigejos and Plantago lanceolata. We found that approximately one third of the forbs were alien to Berlin and they made up around 13% of the whole community aboveground biomass. Nonetheless, community aboveground biomass was positively correlated with plant-species richness . In contrast, iWUE and δ15N were mostly correlated to urban parameters associated to abiotic novelty.
Methods:
There are six steps to calculating the BNI (biotic novelty index): (1) obtaining a trait matrix, (2) converting the trait matrix into a distance matrix, (3) obtaining the temporal coexistence matrix, (4) weighing the distance matrix by the temporal coexistence matrix, (5) multiplying the distance matrix by the species’ relative abundance and (6) calculating the sum of all pairwise comparisons from the distance matrix. The resulting BNI could be expressed as:
where dij is the distance between species i and j, cij is the temporal coexistence coefficient of species i and j in the local area, and pipj are the relative abundances of species i and j. Note that the equation of the BNI corresponds to the calculation of Rao’s quadratic entropy (Rao 1982; Botta-Dukát 2005a), but with the temporal coexistence component cij added. The steps 1, 2, 5 and 6 are standard multivariate methods to obtain Rao’s index, steps 3 and 4 are the implementation of the temporal coexistence component. Information on how to calculate Rao’s quadratic entropy can be found elsewhere (see Rao 1964 and Botta-Dukát 2005 for example). Here, we describe how the temporal coexistence component was calculated.
Intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE, µmol mol-1), that is, the ratio of photosynthetic net CO2 assimilation to water loss through stomatal conductance (Ehleringer et al., 1993) ), was calculated at the plant group (iWUEFGi), community (iWUEC) and species level (iWUESpi) by applying the linear model described by Farquhar et al. (1982):
where A is net assimilation, gsw is stomatal conductance for water vapor, Ca is the CO2 atmospheric mole fraction (400 µmol mol-1 CO2; Betts et al., 2016), a is the fractionation during CO2 diffusion through the stomata (4.4‰; O’Leary, 1981), and b´ is the fractionation associated to the Rubisco and PEP carboxylase reactions (27‰; Farquhar and Richards, 1984).
To correct δ15N values for site-specific differences in background bulk soil δ15N, we estimated the 15N enrichment factor of biomass compared to soil background values (Craine et al., 2015) at the community (δ15NC), plant group (δ15NFGi) and species level (δ15NSpi) as:
δ15N can be interpreted as an indicator of cumulative N losses, i.e. due to the discrimination of gaseous and hydrological N export processes against 15N, higher δ15N values indicate “open N cycles” with important N losses, while lower values indicated “closed N cycles” (Malone et al., 2018).
References:
Betts, R. A., C. D. Jones, J. R. Knight, R. F. Keeling, and J. J. Kennedy. 2016. El Niño and a record CO2 rise. Nature Climate Change 6:806.
Botta-Dukát, Z. 2005. Rao's quadratic entropy as a measure of functional diversity based on multiple traits. Journal of vegetation science 16:533-540.
Craine, J. M., E. Brookshire, M. D. Cramer, N. J. Hasselquist, K. Koba, E. Marin-Spiotta, and L. Wang. 2015. Ecological interpretations of nitrogen isotope ratios of terrestrial plants and soils. Plant and Soil 396:1-26.
Farquhar, G. D., M. H. O'Leary, and J. A. Berry. 1982. On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves. Functional Plant Biology 9:121-137.
Farquhar, G., and R. Richards. 1984. Isotopic composition of plant carbon correlates with water-use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Functional Plant Biology 11:539-552.
Malone, E. T., B. W. Abbott, M. J. Klaar, C. Kidd, M. Sebilo, A. M. Milner, and G. Pinay. 2018. Decline in Ecosystem δ 13 C and Mid-Successional Nitrogen Loss in a Two-Century Postglacial Chronosequence. Ecosystems 21:1659-1675.
O'Leary, M. H. 1981. Carbon isotope fractionation in plants. Phytochemistry 20:553-567.
Rao, C. R. 1982. Diversity and dissimilarity coefficients: a unified approach. Theoretical population biology 21:24-43
funderIdentifier (GRID): 5586.e
Table:
Biodiversity_Novelty_Ecosystem_functioning
Table: Data_light_curves
Measurements took place at different PPFD intensities which are not distinguished in this table. Data were taken at the following plots:
Plantago May: Ol_55 and NI_200
Plantago Juli: Ol_55 and NI_208
Calamagrostis May: Ol_55 and NI_220
Calamagrostis July: Ol_55 and NI_220
View Sample Data
Biodiversity_Novelty_Ecosystem_functioning
Data_light_curves Download Link
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This data by ZALF is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
| Column name | Unit | Description | Instrument | Method | Reference |
| Plot_name | - | Name of the sampled plot | - | - | - |
| BNI | - | Biotic novelty index (between 0-1) | PC (Excel) | calculation(see method part) | Schittko, Bernard-Verdier et al. in preparation |
| AirRH | % | relative humidty; recorded every 30mins at 20cm height; calculation of annual mean | sensor OM-EL-USB-2 (OMEGA) | measurement | - |
| AirT | t | air temperature; recorded every 30mins at 20cm height; calculation of annual mean | sensor OM-EL-USB-2 (OMEGA) | measurement | - |
| AGB_[...] | g*m-2 |
above ground biomasse; 3 replicate samples in 20x50cm
quadrats; C: whole community A: alien species N: native species G: graminoids F: forbs L: legumes NG: native graminoids AG: alien graminoids NF: native forbs AF: alien forbs NL: native legumes AL: alien legumes |
drying oven (Kern EW 620) | hand yield | - |
| IWUE_[...] | µmol*mol-1 |
intrinsic water use efficiency C: whole community A: alien species N: native species G: graminoids F: forbs L: legumes NG: native graminoids AG: alien graminoids NF: native forbs AF: alien forbs NL: native legumes AL: alien legumes |
- | calculation(see method part) |
Ehleringer, J. R., A. E. Hall, and G. D. Farquhar. 1993. Stable isotopes and plant carbon-water relations. Academic Press San Diego. Farquhar, G. D., M. H. O'Leary, and J. A. Berry. 1982. On the relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in leaves. Functional Plant Biology 9:121-137. |
| d15N_[...] | ‰ |
Δ15N=15N enrichment factor to correct δ15N values for
site-specific differences in background bulk soil; C: whole community A: alien species N: native species G: graminoids F: forbs L: legumes NG: native graminoids AG: alien graminoids NF: native forbs AF: alien forbs NL: native legumes AL: alien legumes |
- | calculation(see method part) |
Craine, J. M., E. Brookshire, M. D. Cramer, N. J.
Hasselquist, K. Koba, E. Marin-Spiotta, and L. Wang
(2015):
Ecological interpretations of nitrogen isotope ratios of
terrestrial plants and soils. Plant and Soil 396:1-26. |
| A_[...] | µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 |
comprised photosynthetic rate for spring and summer; CE: Calamagrostis epigejos PL: Plantago lanceolata |
gas exchange fluorescence system GFS-3000 (Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany) | gas exchange measurement | - |
| gs_[...] | mol air m-2 s-1 |
stomatal conductance for spring and summer;
CE: Calamagrostis epigejos PL: Plantago lanceolata |
gas exchange fluorescence system GFS-3000 (Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany) | gas exchange measurement | - |
| ci_ca_[...] | µmol CO2 µmol-1 CO2 |
ratio of the intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration
for spring and summer; CE: Calamagrostis epigejos PL: Plantago lanceolata |
- |
calculation: ci/ca |
- |
| E_[...] | mmol H2O m-2 s-1 |
transpiration rate for spring and summer; CE: Calamagrostis epigejos PL: Plantago lanceolata |
gas exchange fluorescence system GFS-3000 Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany) | gas exchange measurement | - |
| instantWUE_[...] | µmol CO2 µmol-1 H2O |
Instantaneous water-use efficiency for spring and summer; CE: Calamagrostis epigejos PL: Plantago lanceolata |
- |
calculation: A/E |
- |
| dF_Fma[...] | - |
effective quantum yield of electron transport through
photosystem II was calculated as ΔF/Fm′ = (Fm´ - F)/Fm´ for
spring and summer where FM'= fluorescence of the illuminated leaf when a saturating light pulse is superimposed on the prevailing environmental light levels; F=steady-state fluorescence of the light-adapted leave; CE: Calamagrostis epigejos PL: Plantago lanceolata |
chlorophyll fluorometer PAM 3055-FL (Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany) | calculation |
Schreiber, U., and W. Bilger. 1993. Progress in chlorophyll fluorescence research:
major developments during the past years in retrospect. Pages 151-173
Progress in Botany/Fortschritte der Botanik. Springer.
Bernard Genty, Jean-Marie Briantais, Neil R. Baker. The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, Volume 990, Issue 1, 1989: 87-92, ISSN 0304-4165, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(89)80016-9. |
| Fv_Fm_[...] | - |
maximum potential quantum yield of photosystem II
for spring and summer was calculated as Fv/Fm, where Fv = Fm - F0. Fm=fluorescence of the dark-adapted leaf during a saturating light pulse F0=fluorescence of the dark-adapted leave; CE: Calamagrostis epigejos PL: Plantago lanceolata |
chlorophyll fluorometer PAM 3055-FL (Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany) | calculation | - |
| Age | years | Historical continuity as grassland biotope; Age: N = new (since 1945); O = old (since 1831 - 1940); ; etimated from historical maps | - | estimation | Preußische Uraufnahme (1831-71) and Preußische Neuaufnahme (1927-40) |
| Species_richness | - | Number of plant species in a 16m2 grassland plot | - | count | - |
| Rao_Q | - | Functional diversity | PC | calculation | - |
| Size_patch | m2 | Size of biotope patch in which plot is located | QGIS 2.18.0 | calculation | download from http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation/fis-broker/ |
| Share_grassland | % | Share of dry grassland in a 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 m buffer around biotope patch in which plot is located | QGIS 2.18.0 | calculation | download from http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation/fis-broker/ |
| long_term_airT | °C | Air temperature zone (long- term average 1961-1990) | - | - | download from http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation/fis-broker/ |
| UrbClim | - | Urban climatic zone: changes in temperature, air moisture and wind regime compared to open land conditions; 0 = no changes; 1 = very low changes; 2 = low changes; 3 = medium changes; 4 = high changes | - | - | download from http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation/fis-broker/ |
| SVF | - | Sky view factor: share of open sky (0-1) | EOS 700D camera (Canon) coupled with a fisheye 4.5 mm F2.8 EX DC HSM (Sigma) | estimation |
Lindberg, F., and C. Grimmond. 2011. Nature of vegetation and building morphology characteristics across a city: influence on shadow patterns and mean radiant temperatures in London. Urban Ecosystems 14:617-634.
Lindberg, F., B. Holmer, and S. Thorsson. 2008. SOLWEIG 1.0–Modelling spatial variations of 3D radiant fluxes and mean radiant temperature in complex urban settings. International journal of biometeorology 52:697-713. |
| N | g kg-1 | Nitrogen content of soil | - | adsorption chromatography | DIN ISO 15178 |
| Cu | mg kg-1 | Copper content of soil | - | inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry | DIN ISO 19730 |
| Zn | mg kg-1 | Zinc content of soil | - | inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry | DIN ISO 19730 |
| Cd | mg kg-1 | Cadmium content of soil | - | inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry | DIN ISO 19730 |
| Pb | mg kg-1 | Lead content of soil | - | inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry | DIN ISO 19730 |
| Ni | mg kg-1 | Nickel content of soil | - | inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry | DIN ISO 19730 |
| Wc | % | Gravimetric water content (referred to dry matter) | drying oven | determined as % of the soil dry weight by oven drying the samples at 105°C until constant weight | - |
| Moss_cover | % | Percentage of plot surface covered by moss | - | visual estimation | - |
| Litter_cover | % | Percentage of plot surface covered by litter | - | visual estimation | - |
| Sealing_[...] | % | Percentage of sealed surface in a 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 m buffer around biotope patch in which plot is located | QGIS 2.18.0 | - | download from http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation/fis-broker/ |
| PopD_[...] | inhabitants ha-1 | Population density in a 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 m buffer around biotope patch in which plot is located | QGIS 2.18.0 | - | download from http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation/fis-broker/ |
| FAR_[...] | - | Floor area ratio in a 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 m buffer around biotope patch in which plot is located | QGIS 2.18.0 | - | download from http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation/fis-broker/ |
| RoadD_[...] | km | Road density: total length of roads in a 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 m buffer around biotope patch in which plot is located | QGIS 2.18.0 | - | download from http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation/fis-broker/ |
| RDist | m | Shortest distance from plot midpoint to nearest road | QGIS 2.18.0 | - | download from http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation/fis-broker/ |
| RailwDist | m | Shortest distance from plot midpoint to nearest railway | QGIS 2.18.0 | - | download from http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation/fis-broker/ |
| RailwD[...] | km | Railway density: total length of railways in a 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 m buffer around biotope patch in which plot is located | QGIS 2.18.0 | - | download from http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/geoinformation/fis-broker/ |
Table: Data_light_curves
Measurements took place at different PPFD intensities which are not distinguished in this table. Data were taken at the following plots:
Plantago May: Ol_55 and NI_200
Plantago Juli: Ol_55 and NI_208
Calamagrostis May: Ol_55 and NI_220
Calamagrostis July: Ol_55 and NI_220
| Column name | Unit | Description | Instrument | Method | Reference |
| PPFD_[...] | PPFDsat, 1500 µmol m-2 s-1 |
photosynthetic photon flux density
for spring and summer; CE: Calamagrostis epigejos PL: Plantago lanceolata |
chlorophyll fluorometer PAM 3055-FL (Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany) | gas exchange measurement | - |
| dF_Fma[...] | - | see table above | |||
| ETR_[...] |
apparent electron transport rate for spring and summer; CE: Calamagrostis epigejos PL: Plantago lanceolata |
chlorophyll fluorometer PAM 3055-FL (Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany) | gas exchange measurement | Rascher, U., M. Liebig, and U. Lüttge. 2000. Evaluation of instant light‐response curves of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters obtained with a portable chlorophyll fluorometer on site in the field. Plant, Cell & Environment 23:1397-1405. |
Data_light_curves